The House of Representatives on Friday approved a roughly $2 trillion social-spending and climate-change bill backed by President Joe Biden, sending the measure to the Senate, where it is expected to face significant changes.

Lawmakers in the Democratic-controlled House passed what’s known as the Build Back Better plan on a vote of 220 to 213. The sprawling package would create universal preschool, extend more-expansive Affordable Care Act subsidies, fund clean-energy programs and provide tax credits for electric vehicles…